Amazina y’ifaranga nka dollar, pound, dinar, franc, shilling, peso, rupee, yen na euro si amazina asanzwe y’amafaranga gusa. Abitse amateka yomubinyejana byinshi kandi agaragaza uko imico n’imiryango y’abantu, ubucuruzi, ubwami n’ingoma, ndetse n’ubukungu byagiye bitera imbere. Menshi muri ayo mazina yakomotse ku biceri bya kera, ibipimo by’uburemere bw’ibyuma by’agaciro, cyangwa amagambo yasobanuraga ibintu bifite agaciro.
Izina ry’ifaranga ni izina ryemewe ry’igice nyamukuru cy’ubukungu igihugu gikoresha. Urugero, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Canada na Australia byose bikoresha izina dollar, ariko buri gihugu gifite ifaranga ryacyo rifite kode yihariye: USD, CAD na AUD. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, ibihugu byinshi bikoresha amazina nk’ipound, dinar, franc cyangwa shilling, nubwo buri gihugu kigira gahunda yacyo yihariye y’ubukungu.
Aya mazina yakwirakwijwe ku isi binyuze mu mateka y’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, kwaguka kw’ingoma zikomeye, ubukoloni ndetse n’ingaruka z’imico itandukanye.
Ibihugu byinshi bisangiye amazina y’ifaranga kuko amafaranga yagiye arenga imipaka y’ibihugu kuva kera. Iyo igiceri runaka cyizerwaga kandi kigakoreshwa cyane mu bucuruzi, n’ibindi bice byakiraga izina ryacyo.
Impamvu nyamukuru zatumye amazina y’ifaranga akwirakwira ni izi:
Ubucuruzi: Ibiceri byizewe byakoreshwaga cyane ku masoko mpuzamahanga.
Ingoma n’Ubwami: Ubwami bukomeye bwajyanaga gahunda yabwo y’ifaranga mu bihugu bwigaruriye.
Ubukoloni: Ibihugu by’i Burayi byakwirakwije amafaranga yabyo n’imikorere y’ubukungu mu bice byinshi by’isi.
Imibanire y’umuco: Ibihugu bituranye cyangwa bifite indimi n’imico isa byakundaga gukoresha amazina amwe.
Ni yo mpamvu amazina amwe y’ifaranga amaze imyaka amagana ndetse n’ibihumbi akoreshwa.
Shilling yo ifite inkomoko mu ndimi z’Abadage ba kera, nyuma iba ifaranga rikomeye mu Burayi cyane cyane mu Bwongereza.
Mbere y’uko u Bwongereza buhindura uburyo bw’ibaruramari ry’ifaranga mu 1971: Shilling 20 zavunjwaga ipound rimwe, Pence 12 zanganyaga na shilling imwe.
Mu gihe cy’ubukoloni bw’Abongereza, shilling yakwirakwijwe mu bihugu byinshi. Nyuma y’ubwigenge, ibihugu bimwe byakomeje gukoresha iryo zina. Uyu munsi ikoreshwa muri: Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Somaliya.
Inkomoko ya Dollar; ubundi ijambo dollar rikomoka ku giceri cya feza cyakozwe mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 16 mu mujyi wa Joachimsthal, muri Bohemia ubu ni muri Repubulika ya Czech. Icyo giceri cyitwaga Joachimsthaler, nyuma izina rigabanywa riba Thaler.
Uko icyo giceri cyamamaye mu Burayi hose, izina ryacyo ryagiye rihinduka bitewe n’ururimi: mukidage ni Thaler, ikidage cy’u Buholandi ni Daalder, naho mucyongereza ni Dollar.
Nyuma, Ubwami bwa Esipanye bwakoze ifaranga rizwi cyane ryitwaga Spanish Dollar, cyangwa Piece of Eight, rikaba ryarabaye rimwe mu mafaranga ya mbere yakoreshejwe ku rwego rw’isi. Ryakoreshwaga mu Burayi, Aziya, Afurika ndetse no muri Amerika.
Igihe Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zashyiragaho gahunda yazo y’ifaranga mu 1792, zahisemo izina dollar kubera icyizere n’ubwamamare bwari bufitwe na Spanish Dollar.
Uyu munsi, dollar ni rimwe mu mazina y’ifaranga akoreshwa cyane ku isi. Ikoreshwa muri Amerika, Canada, Australia, Nouvelle-Zélande, Singapore n’ibindi bihugu byinshi.
Amateka yamapound, ubundi Pound ni rimwe mu mazina y’ifaranga ashaje cyane akiri gukoreshwa.
Rikomoka ku ijambo ry’Ikilatini libra, risobanura umunzani cyangwa igipimo cyo gupima.
Mu ntangiriro, pound yasobanuraga uburemere runaka bwa feza. Mu Bwongereza bwo mu gihe cyo muri middle ages, pound imwe ya feza yagabanywaga mu bice 240 byitwaga pennies.
Ikimenyetso cya pound £ gikomoka ku nyuguti L, ihagarariye ijambo libra.
Nubwo amafaranga yo muri iki gihe atagishingira kuri feza cyangwa zahabu, izina pound riracyakoreshwa kubera amateka yaryo. Muri iki gihe rikoreshwa mu Bwongereza, Misiri, Libani, Sudani na Siriya.
Izina dinar rikomoka ku giceri cy’Abaroma cyitwaga denarius, kimwe mu biceri by’ingenzi by’Ubwami bw’Abaroma.
Mu kinyejana cya 7, ibihugu by’Abayisilamu byafashe iryo zina birihindura dīnār, ribanza gukoreshwa ku biceri bya zahabu bifite agaciro gakomeye.
Uyu munsi, dinar iracyakoreshwa mu bihugu nka: Yorudaniya, Koweti, Baharaini, Iraki, Alijeriya,Tuniziya, Seribiya. Dinar igaragaza isano iri hagati y’ubukungu bw’Ubwami bw’Abaroma n’ubw’ibihugu by’Abayisilamu.
Franc arinabwo bwoko bwifaranga mu Rwanda dukoresha bwatangiriye mu Bufaransa bwo mu gihe cya middle ages.
Igiceri cya mbere cya franc cyakozwe mu 1360 nyuma y’uko Umwami Yohani II w’u Bufaransa arekuwe avuye mu bunyage bw’Abongereza mu Ntambara y’Imyaka Ijana.
Ijambo franc risobanura uwidegembya cyangwa ufite umudendezo.
Icyo giceri cyabaye ikimenyetso cy’ubwisanzure bw’umwami.
Nyuma, franc yabaye ifaranga ry’u Bufaransa kugeza igihugu gitangiye gukoresha euro.
Nubwo u Bufaransa butagikoresha franc, iracyakoreshwa muri: Swiss, mu bihugu byinshi bya Afurika, mu bice bimwe byo mu Nyanja ya Pasifika.
Ibisobanuro bya Peso ubundi ijambo ry’Icyesipanyoli peso risobanura uburemere. Mu ntangiriro, ryasobanuraga uburemere runaka bwa feza aho kuba agaciro k’ifaranga gusa.
Peso ya Esipanye yabaye rimwe mu mafaranga ya mbere yakoreshejwe ku rwego mpuzamahanga kubera ko Ubwami bwa Esipanye bwari bwarakwirakwiriye ku migabane myinshi.
Uyu munsi, peso ikoreshwa muri: Mexique, Argentine, Chili, Colombie, Cuba, Philippines, Repubulika ya Dominikani
Rupee n’isano ifitanye na Feza, ijambo rupee rikomoka ku ijambo ry’Igisanskriti rūpya, risobanura feza yatunganyijwe neza.
Rupee ya kijyambere yashyizweho ku buryo busanzwe mu Buhinde mu kinyejana cya 16 ku ngoma ya Sher Shah Suri, nyuma ikwirakwira muri Aziya y’Epfo. Uyu munsi harimo: u Buhinde, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Maldives Nubwo amazina yandikwa mu buryo butandukanye, yose afite inkomoko imwe.
Ifaranga ry’u Buyapani yen rikomoka ku nyuguti y’Ikijapani 円, isobanura uruziga cyangwa ikintu kizengurutse.
Iri zina ryatoranyijwe igihe u Buyapani bwatangizaga ibiceri bizengurutse bifite igipimo kimwe mu kinyejana cya 19.
Yen ifitanye isano n’ifaranga ry’u Bushinwa yuan ndetse n’iryo muri Koreya won, kuko byose bikomoka ku nyuguti imwe y’amateka.
Bitandukanye n’andi mafaranga ya kera, euro ntiyakomotse ku giceri cya kera cyangwa ku cyuma cy’agaciro.
Yahanzwe mu myaka ya 1990 nk’ikimenyetso cy’ubufatanye bw’ibihugu by’u Burayi.
Izina euro ryatoranyijwe kuko: ryari ryoroshye kurivuga, ryari ritabogamiye ku gihugu na kimwe, ryasobanuraga ubumwe bw’u Burayi. Uyu munsi, euro ni rimwe mu mafaranga akomeye ku isi kandi rikoreshwa n’ibihugu byinshi by’u Burayi.
Amazina y’ifaranga amara ibinyejana byinshi kuko aba yarabaye igice cy’ingenzi cy’ubukungu, amategeko n’umuco w’igihugu.
Guhindura izina ry’ifaranga bisaba impinduka zikomeye mu mikorere y’ubukungu, amasezerano, uburezi ndetse n’uko abaturage basobanukiwe n’ifaranga.
Ni yo mpamvu ibihugu byinshi bikomeza gukoresha amazina gakondo nubwo ibiceri cyangwa ibyuma byabyitiriye bitakiri gukoreshwa.
Amazina y’ifaranga si amagambo yandikwa ku mpapuro cyangwa ku biceri gusa. Ni amateka ahuza ubukungu bwa none n’imico ya kera, inzira z’ubucuruzi ndetse n’ihuriro ry’imico y’abantu.
Amateka y’amazina y’ifaranga atwereka ko amafaranga atari igikoresho cy’ubukungu gusa, ahubwo ari n’ikirango cy’iterambere ry’umuco, ubucuruzi n’urugendo rurerure rw’ikiremwamuntu mu mateka.
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